Organoids & Organ-on-Chip

Organoids and organ-on-chip models bridge cell culture and in vivo studies with clinical and regulatory traction. The session covers patient-derived tumour organoids for precision medicine and drug screening, brain organoids and their bioethics considerations, organ-on-chip platforms (Emulate, Mimetas, AxoSim), regulatory pathways under FDA Modernisation Act 2.0 and the 2024 MAPS framework, multi-organ-on-chip integration, and the comparison with animal models. Discussion addresses organoid biobanking, ethics of consciousness research in brain organoids, gut-brain axis organoid models, the cost and reproducibility challenges, and the integration of organoid models into preclinical drug-development decision-making.